Along with India, Pakistan was under the control of the British until August 14, 1947 when the Partition of India was created. This partition divided the two territories into separate nations; the split was the result of the countries' different religious backgrounds. Pakistan is predominantly Muslim while India is Hindu. After the Indian sub-continent divided, 15 million Hindus and Muslims crossed the border between the now seperate nations in order to live in the territory of their religion. Hundreds of thousands of people were robbed, raped, and murdered during this time and many people were made homeless. (http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/partition-of-india/)
India vs. Pakistan
The partition also opened the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (located north/northwest of India and northeast of Pakistan). This territory has been the cause of dispute between India and Pakistan for years; two wars have been fought over this terriroty. The First India-Pakistan War began in 1947 and ended in 1948 when the United Nations had to mediate. The territory was given to the Indians to the displeasure of the Pakistani. Because the population is mostly Muslim, Pakistan believes that Jammu and Kashmir should be under their control. This is what lead to the Second India-Pakistan War in 1965. Pakistan attempted to take the open territory by force, causing the war to become a stalemate. The ceasefire came on September 21 and the 22 of 1965. The Third India-Pakistan War took place on November 22, 1971 - December 17, 1971. Pakistan tried to launch an air attack against India but failed. The Indian military retaliated and took control over the air. India's naval blockade, air strikes, and ground troops defeated the West Pakistanis and India gained control over East Pakistan. (http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/india-pakistan-war) (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm)
U.S. Aggression and Soviet Union Support
Ali Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, recieved an invitation from Josef Stalin to visit the Soviet Union. After hearing about the potential meet up, the U.S. sent Ali Khan an invitation to visit the United States. Ultimately, the Prime Minister went to the United States, leading Pakistan's foreign policy closer toward the West. When Pakistan became an independent nation, the government had trouble starting off their economy. Pakistan reached out to the United States for financial and civilian aid; this assistance brought the two countries closer together. The relationship between the nations began to deteriorate during the Korean War when the U.S. asked for Pakistani military assistance. Ali Khan would send troops only in exchange for the U.S.'s full support on the Kashmir issue; the U.S. declined this exchange and Pakistan did not help the United States war effort in Korea. The Unites States became more and more aggressive toward Pakistan. The U.S. tried to pressure the Prime Minister into convincing Iran to give the control of its oil fields to the Unites States; Ali Khan once again refused. In 1950, President Truman requested that the C.I.A. set up a base in Pakistan in order to watch over the Soviet Union during the Cold War, to which Ali Khan denied. After this refusal the U.S. began to plan the assassination of the First Prime Minister in order to remove him from Pakistan's government. The same year, Pakistan began relations with China and cemented ties with the Soviet Union. (http://mypakistan.pk/liaquat-ali-khan.html)
Conclusion
Pakistan, after gaining its independence, created many relations with countries around the globe. Some of these alliances have saved Pakistan from economic turmoil. In an increasingly interdependent world, it is important for a nation, especially a newly established one, to create relations with other countries for trade, alliances, support, etc.
✩
The Tribes
Tribal Areas
Along its border with Afghanistan, Pakistan has a strip of federally administered tribal areas. These seven "agencies" are Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Kurram, Orakzai, and North and South Waziristan. Even though the constitution gives the president of Pakistan complete control over these agencies, the governor of the North West Frontier Province is in charge of the delivery of health care and education to the land.(http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistans-tribal-areas/p11973)
Governing of the Lands
These tribal lands have been the cause of many problems within Pakistan. It is essentially a lawless zone where the tribal leaders, also known as maliks, are in control. Many of the leaders are corrupt because of bribing by political figures in exchange for loyalty. These tribal lands also have, and are increasing the number of, madrassas. The Muslim schools display the increase in power of the Islamic extremists. The tribal areas have even become the training grounds of many Islamic terrorist groups. (http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistans-tribal-areas/p11973)
✩
Government
Political Figures
[Liaquat Ali Khan]
In 1947, Liaquat Ali Khan became Pakistan's First Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Commonwealth and Kashmir Affairs; he served until his assassination in 1951. Ali Khan's ambitions were to create an educational infrastructure and to develop Pakistan's technology and sciences. (http://mypakistan.pk/liaquat-ali-khan.html)
[Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah]
Ali Jinnah was sworn in as Pakistan's first President on August 15, 1947, the day after Pakistan became an independent state. He is known as one of the Founding Fathers of Pakistan. (http://www.pmln.com.pk/quaidiazam.htm)
The Breakup of Pakistan
Before 1971, Pakistan was split up into the territories of West (left of India) and East Pakistan (right of India). A political group called the Awami League wanted autonomy for East Pakistan; this group won the national elections in December of 1970. The government of West Pakistan wanted to wipe out the Awami League and its supporters in order to stay in control. They decided that the only way to achieve this would be to eradicate the potential threat. President Yahya Khan decided that if they "Kill three million of them...the rest will eat out of [their] hands" (Robert Payne, Massacre [1972], p. 50.) On March 25, 1971, West Pakistan launched a genocide against mostly East Pakistani males. It was estimated that around ten million people fled to India in search of refuge. Hindus who were found by the West Pakistani Regime were shot and killed on the spot. On April 10 the surviving leaders of the Awami League declared East Pakistan an independent state and renamed it Bangladesh. (http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html)
Pakistan Muslim League
The Pakistan Muslim League or PML began in 1948-49. This organization was lead by Liaquat Ali Khan and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The constitution of the Pakistan Muslim League states that the objectives of the organization are "To safeguard and preserve the sovereignty and integrity and to uphold the ideology of Pakistan...that the Muslims of Pakistan are enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah" (Introductory - Pakistan Muslim League Constitution). (http://pml.org.pk/about/history/)
Extreme Islamic views have caused many disputes between Pakistan and other countries... Elements of the East Pakistan Genocide mirror those of the Holocaust. Globalization and interdependence has allowed one country's events to become global knowledge. The West Pakistani Regime was able to learn from Hitler and commit genocide.
✩
Economy
Five-Year Plan and Foreign Aid
In 1947, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan proposed the idea of a Five-Year Plan. Ali Khan got inspiration from the nation's allies: China and the Soviet Union. The Pakistani government planned on using capitalist methods and investment in order to build up the country's economy. This plan did not work because of Pakistan's population; most of the people were uneducated and poor, making it impossible for many to contribute to the free market. The idea of communism became popular to the masses and caused the Five-Year Plan to lose popularity. This forced Pakistan to reach out to the Soviet Union and the United States. (http://faculty.lahoreschool.edu.pk/Academics/Lectures/ayeshaa/PH%201%20HO.pdf)
Agriculture and Industrialization
Pakistan's agriculture failed because of government neglect. There was more emphasis on industrial growth than there was on maintaining a strong agricultural system. Pakistan faced monsoons, floods, droughts, and locust infestations that destroyed crops; there were also many grain and food shortages. In April of 1948 the government issued an industrial policy that focused on the manufacturing and production of goods from raw domestic material. The production of cement, crude oil, natural gas, cigarettes, sugar, etc. increased annually. (http://faculty.lahoreschool.edu.pk/Academics/Lectures/ayeshaa/PH%201%20HO.pdf)
Conclusion
Pakistan has created economic ties with many countries around the world. Their industrialization has allowed them participate in global trade, ultimately improving their economy. Some of Pakistan's exports, namely oil, are in high demand around the world; this causes many countries to become dependent on Pakistan. Over the years Pakistan has been dependent on other nations for financial aid; the nation's dependence on other countries has created tighter relationships. The Pakistan government has even used their allies for inspiration for their own economy.
Earning its independence
Table of Contents
✩
Pakistan's Foreign Relations
Pakistan's Independence
Along with India, Pakistan was under the control of the British until August 14, 1947 when the Partition of India was created. This partition divided the two territories into separate nations; the split was the result of the countries' different religious backgrounds. Pakistan is predominantly Muslim while India is Hindu. After the Indian sub-continent divided, 15 million Hindus and Muslims crossed the border between the now seperate nations in order to live in the territory of their religion. Hundreds of thousands of people were robbed, raped, and murdered during this time and many people were made homeless.
(http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/partition-of-india/)
India vs. Pakistan
The partition also opened the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (located north/northwest of India and northeast of Pakistan). This territory has been the cause of dispute between India and Pakistan for years; two wars have been fought over this terriroty. The First India-Pakistan War began in 1947 and ended in 1948 when the United Nations had to mediate. The territory was given to the Indians to the displeasure of the Pakistani. Because the population is mostly Muslim, Pakistan believes that Jammu and Kashmir should be under their control. This is what lead to the Second India-Pakistan War in 1965. Pakistan attempted to take the open territory by force, causing the war to become a stalemate. The ceasefire came on September 21 and the 22 of 1965. The Third India-Pakistan War took place on November 22, 1971 - December 17, 1971. Pakistan tried to launch an air attack against India but failed. The Indian military retaliated and took control over the air. India's naval blockade, air strikes, and ground troops defeated the West Pakistanis and India gained control over East Pakistan. (http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/india-pakistan-war) (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm)
U.S. Aggression and Soviet Union Support
Ali Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, recieved an invitation from Josef Stalin to visit the Soviet Union. After hearing about the potential meet up, the U.S. sent Ali Khan an invitation to visit the United States. Ultimately, the Prime Minister went to the United States, leading Pakistan's foreign policy closer toward the West. When Pakistan became an independent nation, the government had trouble starting off their economy. Pakistan reached out to the United States for financial and civilian aid; this assistance brought the two countries closer together. The relationship between the nations began to deteriorate during the Korean War when the U.S. asked for Pakistani military assistance. Ali Khan would send troops only in exchange for the U.S.'s full support on the Kashmir issue; the U.S. declined this exchange and Pakistan did not help the United States war effort in Korea. The Unites States became more and more aggressive toward Pakistan. The U.S. tried to pressure the Prime Minister into convincing Iran to give the control of its oil fields to the Unites States; Ali Khan once again refused. In 1950, President Truman requested that the C.I.A. set up a base in Pakistan in order to watch over the Soviet Union during the Cold War, to which Ali Khan denied. After this refusal the U.S. began to plan the assassination of the First Prime Minister in order to remove him from Pakistan's government. The same year, Pakistan began relations with China and cemented ties with the Soviet Union. (http://mypakistan.pk/liaquat-ali-khan.html)
Conclusion
Pakistan, after gaining its independence, created many relations with countries around the globe. Some of these alliances have saved Pakistan from economic turmoil. In an increasingly interdependent world, it is important for a nation, especially a newly established one, to create relations with other countries for trade, alliances, support, etc.
✩
The Tribes
Tribal Areas
Along its border with Afghanistan, Pakistan has a strip of federally administered tribal areas. These seven "agencies" are Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Kurram, Orakzai, and North and South Waziristan. Even though the constitution gives the president of Pakistan complete control over these agencies, the governor of the North West Frontier Province is in charge of the delivery of health care and education to the land.(http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistans-tribal-areas/p11973)
Governing of the Lands
These tribal lands have been the cause of many problems within Pakistan. It is essentially a lawless zone where the tribal leaders, also known as maliks, are in control. Many of the leaders are corrupt because of bribing by political figures in exchange for loyalty. These tribal lands also have, and are increasing the number of, madrassas. The Muslim schools display the increase in power of the Islamic extremists. The tribal areas have even become the training grounds of many Islamic terrorist groups. (http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistans-tribal-areas/p11973)
✩
Government
Political Figures
[Liaquat Ali Khan]
In 1947, Liaquat Ali Khan became Pakistan's First Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Commonwealth and Kashmir Affairs; he served until his assassination in 1951. Ali Khan's ambitions were to create an educational infrastructure and to develop Pakistan's technology and sciences. (http://mypakistan.pk/liaquat-ali-khan.html)[Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah]
Ali Jinnah was sworn in as Pakistan's first President on August 15, 1947, the day after Pakistan became an independent state. He is known as one of the Founding Fathers of Pakistan. (http://www.pmln.com.pk/quaidiazam.htm)
The Breakup of Pakistan
Before 1971, Pakistan was split up into the territories of West (left of India) and East Pakistan (right of India). A political group called the Awami League wanted autonomy for East Pakistan; this group won the national elections in December of 1970. The government of West Pakistan wanted to wipe out the Awami League and its supporters in order to stay in control. They decided that the only way to achieve this would be to eradicate the potential threat. President Yahya Khan decided that if they "Kill three million of them...the rest will eat out of [their] hands" (Robert Payne, Massacre [1972], p. 50.) On March 25, 1971, West Pakistan launched a genocide against mostly East Pakistani males. It was estimated that around ten million people fled to India in search of refuge. Hindus who were found by the West Pakistani Regime were shot and killed on the spot. On April 10 the surviving leaders of the Awami League declared East Pakistan an independent state and renamed it Bangladesh. (http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html)
Pakistan Muslim League
The Pakistan Muslim League or PML began in 1948-49. This organization was lead by Liaquat Ali Khan and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The constitution of the Pakistan Muslim League states that the objectives of the organization are "To safeguard and preserve the sovereignty and integrity and to uphold the ideology of Pakistan...that the Muslims of Pakistan are enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah" (Introductory - Pakistan Muslim League Constitution). (http://pml.org.pk/about/history/)
The Introduction of the PML Constitution --> (http://www.pmln.org/constitution/introductory/)
The Annex of the Constitution of Pakistan --> (http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/annex.html)
Conclusion
Extreme Islamic views have caused many disputes between Pakistan and other countries... Elements of the East Pakistan Genocide mirror those of the Holocaust. Globalization and interdependence has allowed one country's events to become global knowledge. The West Pakistani Regime was able to learn from Hitler and commit genocide.
✩
Economy
Five-Year Plan and Foreign Aid
In 1947, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan proposed the idea of a Five-Year Plan. Ali Khan got inspiration from the nation's allies: China and the Soviet Union. The Pakistani government planned on using capitalist methods and investment in order to build up the country's economy. This plan did not work because of Pakistan's population; most of the people were uneducated and poor, making it impossible for many to contribute to the free market. The idea of communism became popular to the masses and caused the Five-Year Plan to lose popularity. This forced Pakistan to reach out to the Soviet Union and the United States. (http://faculty.lahoreschool.edu.pk/Academics/Lectures/ayeshaa/PH%201%20HO.pdf)
Agriculture and Industrialization
Pakistan's agriculture failed because of government neglect. There was more emphasis on industrial growth than there was on maintaining a strong agricultural system. Pakistan faced monsoons, floods, droughts, and locust infestations that destroyed crops; there were also many grain and food shortages. In April of 1948 the government issued an industrial policy that focused on the manufacturing and production of goods from raw domestic material. The production of cement, crude oil, natural gas, cigarettes, sugar, etc. increased annually. (http://faculty.lahoreschool.edu.pk/Academics/Lectures/ayeshaa/PH%201%20HO.pdf)
Conclusion
Pakistan has created economic ties with many countries around the world. Their industrialization has allowed them participate in global trade, ultimately improving their economy. Some of Pakistan's exports, namely oil, are in high demand around the world; this causes many countries to become dependent on Pakistan. Over the years Pakistan has been dependent on other nations for financial aid; the nation's dependence on other countries has created tighter relationships. The Pakistan government has even used their allies for inspiration for their own economy.
Hannah Campos - Weston High School